Macbeth: A Tragic Tale of Ambition and Fate

                      Macbeth 

Introduction :-

William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a five-act tragedy that explores the destructive power of unchecked ambition and moral corruption. The play begins with Macbeth, a brave Scottish general, encountering three witches Macbeth shows how ambition and the desire for power can destroy lives. Macbeth becomes a ruthless killer, while Lady Macbeth is broken by guilt. Their downfall reminds us that unchecked ambition and moral weakness lead to tragedy.

Act I who prophesy that he will become king. Driven by ambition and spurred on by Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan in Act II to seize the throne. In Act III, Macbeth’s fear of losing power leads him to have Banquo killed, while Act IV shows him descending into tyranny, ordering more murders after receiving misleading prophecies from the witches. In Act V, as Lady Macbeth succumbs to guilt and madness, Macbeth faces rebellion and is ultimately killed by Macduff, restoring order and justice to Scotland.

Three witches - the supernatural force 

Appears in Act 1 & 4 :-

In Macbeth, the three witches symbolize a powerful supernatural force that sets the tragic events of the play into motion. They appear in Act I, Scene I, shrouded in mystery and darkness, and prophesy that Macbeth will become the King of Scotland. These witches, also known as the Weird Sisters, represent fate and the unnatural. They do not directly tell Macbeth to commit murder, but their cryptic predictions awaken his ambition and influence his choices. Throughout the play, especially in Act IV, their role grows more sinister as they offer misleading prophecies that give Macbeth a false sense of invincibility.

 As symbols of the supernatural, they reflect the theme :

1.chaos, 

2.moral confusion, 

3. the disruption of natural order caused by human actions driven by ambition and desire.

Macbeth :- Blinded by Ambition 

- In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, ambition turns a noble hero into a tragic villain. 

- Fueled by the witches’ prophecy and Lady Macbeth’s urging.

- Macbeth’s desire for power leads him to murder and tyranny. 

Blinded by ambition, he loses his morals, peace, and ultimately, his life. 

The play shows how unchecked ambition can destroy everything.

The Motif of Blood :-

In Macbeth, the motif of blood symbolizes guilt, violence, and the consequences of ambition. 

After murdering King Duncan, Macbeth says, 

“Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?” (Act 2, Scene 2),

 showing his deep sense of guilt. Similarly, Lady Macbeth later cries, 

“Out, damned spot!” (Act 5, Scene 1)

as she imagines blood on her hands during her descent into madness. Blood appears again and again throughout the play, reminding us how guilt stains the conscience and how violence leads to destruction.

Supernatural elements in Macbeth :-

 created an atmosphere of 

1) mystery, 

2) fear, and 

3) moral confusion. 

The most prominent supernatural figures are the three witches, whose prophecies spark Macbeth’s ambition and set the tragic events in motion. The floating dagger that Macbeth sees before killing Duncan (Act 2, Scene 1) represents his inner conflict and the influence of dark forces. Later, Banquo’s ghost appears at the banquet (Act 3, Scene 4), symbolizing Macbeth’s guilt and mental unraveling.

 The witches’ use of visions and apparitions in Act 4 mislead Macbeth into a false sense of security. These supernatural elements reflect the play’s themes of fate, temptation, and the breakdown of natural order.

 

Comparison and contrast of the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth :-

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are two of Shakespeare’s most compelling and contrasting characters. In the beginning, Lady Macbeth appears stronger and more ambitious than Macbeth. She pushes him to murder King Duncan and questions his manhood when he hesitates, showing her manipulative and determined nature. Macbeth, on the other hand, starts as a brave and loyal soldier, but is easily influenced by the witches' prophecy and his wife’s pressure.

As the play progresses, their roles reverse. Macbeth becomes more ruthless and power-hungry, committing more murders on his own, while Lady Macbeth becomes weakened by guilt and madness, especially in Act 5 when she sleepwalks and imagines blood on her hands. By the end, Macbeth is isolated and fearless in battle, while Lady Macbeth is broken and dies offstage, likely by suicide. Their tragic downfall highlights how ambition and guilt affect them in different ways—Macbeth turns cold and violent, while Lady Macbeth collapses under the weight of her conscience.

Conclusion :-

Macbeth shows how ambition and the desire for power can destroy lives. Macbeth becomes a ruthless killer, while Lady Macbeth is broken by guilt. Their downfall reminds us that unchecked ambition and moral weakness lead to tragedy.

References :-

https://player.shakespearesglobe.com/productions/macbeth-2013/

Bhagat singh and the Idea of Freedom

 

  Faustus rewritten by Bhagat Singh 

Introduction :-

Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe 

The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about a scholars who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for magical power. 

Bhagat singh - A great hero 

Bhagat Singh was an Indian anti-colonial revolutionary who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer in December 1928 in what was intended to be retaliation for the death of an Indian nationalist.

There are differences between the character of Faustus and Bhagat Singh.

Original Faustus 

Here is the original last monologue of Doctor Faustus from Christopher Marlowe's play "Doctor Faustus". This is the famous soliloquy where Faustus faces eternal damnation as the clock strikes midnight:

Faustus’s Final Monologue (Original Text):

> FAUSTUS:

Ah, Faustus,

Now hast thou but one bare hour to live,

And then thou must be damn'd perpetually!

Stand still, you ever-moving spheres of heaven,

That time may cease, and midnight never come;

Fair Nature's eye, rise, rise again, and make

Perpetual day; or let this hour be but

A year, a month, a week, a natural day,

That Faustus may repent and save his soul!

O lente, lente currite noctis equi!

The stars move still, time runs, the clock will strike,

The devil will come, and Faustus must be damn'd.

O, I'll leap up to my God!—Who pulls me down?

Bhagat Singh's essay 

Why I Am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in the Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to his religious friends who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity.

Bhagat Singh 's perspective on freedom 

  

Bhagat Singh's perspective on freedom was multifaceted, encompassing not only political independence from British rule but also social and economic liberation from all forms of oppression. He envisioned a society free from caste discrimination, religious prejudice, and economic exploitation, believing that true freedom required a socialist revolution. 

Rewriting Faustus 

(With Bhagat Singh’s Perspective on Freedom and Rationalism)

> FAUSTUS (reborn in thought, but tormented):

The clock strikes, and yet no change within—

My soul still trembles at this hour of fate.

Was all this knowledge bought for fear and chains?

Did I trade my reason for eternal hate?

I sought dominion, not of land, but mind—

But shackled still by myths I did not fight.

O Reason! You, the spark that once defined,

I cast you off for shadows dressed in light.

If Bhagat lived, he’d scorn this coward’s cry,

He died for truth, not comfort or a lie.

He dared to stand with thought, not fear of fire,

While I, in folly, fed my base desire.

O Time! Revolt! Delay thy grinding pace,

Not for my soul, but for the human race.

Let others rise where I in blindness fell,

To break the gods of heaven, earth, and hell.

See how the chains of faith still bind the free—

Yet one must fight, must think, must cease to flee!

Hell is not flames—it is the mind enslaved.

Let thought be free! Let truth walk unafraid!

Bhagat Singh:-

- Willingly sacrificed his life for the nation and ideals of justice.

- Embraced death with purpose and clarity. 

Doctor Faustus:-

- Sacrificed his soul for temporary pleasure and fame 

- faced death with fear, regret, and helplessness. 

References :

https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2016/08/online-test-re

Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy

Aristotle

This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.

-Introduction :-

Aristotle 

Aristotle (384 BC to 322BC) was an Ancient Greek Philosopher and Polymath, who made important contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology, mathematics, metaphysics, ethics and politics. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.

-Aristotle 's major Books :-

Here are some major books which reflects Aristotle's ideas. 

1. The  Politics 

2. Aristotle, the Politics and the Constitution of Athens 

3. On the Soul 

4. The Metaphysics 

5. The Categories 

6. The Poetics

7. Nichomachean Ethics.

-Plato and Aristotle :-

Plato and Aristotle 

Plato and Aristotle are two of the most well- known Philosophers of ancient Greece. While they both studied under the same mentor, Plato was the teacher of Aristotle. The two Philosophers had contrasting views on several philosophical concepts from the nature of reality to the idea of the ideal state.

Plato and Aristotle had differing opinions on many topics.

One of the most fundamental difference between the two Philosophers was their approach to Metaphysics. Plato belived in the existence of a realm of abstract concepts which he referred to as forms.

These forms were the idea version of everything that exists in the phisical world, according to Plato the physical world is merely a reflection of the world of form. In contrast Aristotle rejected the idea of a separate world of forms and instead believed that everything that exists in the physical world is real.

Anthor difference between The two Philosophers was their view of the nature of knowledge. Plato belived that knowledge innate and that we gain access to it through reason and contemplation. In contrast Aristotle believed that knowledge comes from experience and observation.

-Plato's Objection :-

I partically agree with Plato's Objections.

While freedom of expression is essential in any democratic society. There is a valid concern when artists works spread misinformation, violence,hate speech without accountability. Such expression can influence society negatively. Especially the youth or those lacking critical thinking skills.

Plato, in his works like the Republic, raised serious objection to the freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers.

Homer's lliad and Odyssey :-

Homer's the Iliad and the Odyssey 

Reason for objection : Plato belived these epic poems portrayed the gods and heroes in immoral ways - showing them as jealous, vengeful, deceptive or emotionally weak. He feared such portrayed would corrupt the youth and promote irrational behaviour instead of encouraging virtue and wisdom.

As a moralist, Plato disapproves of poetry because it is immoral. A poem for Plato is a collection of copies of the ideas or forms. His opinion has been outlined in his dialogues and in the Republic.

As a philosopher he disapproves of poem because it is based on falsehood. His view that philosophy is better than poetry because a philosophy deals with ideas or truth, whereas a poet deals with what appears to him.

He believed that Truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure of poetry. He argued that most of it should be banned from the ideal society that he described in The Republic.

Aristotelian Literary Tradition : The Aristotelian Literary Tradition is based on the ideas of the ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle, mainly found in his critical work The Poetics , written around 335 BCE . -Concepts of the Aristotelian Literary Tradition : 1. Mimetic 2.Tragedy 3. The six elements of tragedy - - Plot - Character - Thought - Diction - Melody - Spectacle 4. Catharsis 5. Tragic Hero and Hamartia -Aristotelian Literary Tradition in Studied Texts during my B.A program :- - King Lear as Aristotelian Tragedy :

King Lear (Play)

William Shakespeare 's King Lear is a powerful Tragedy that follows many principles of the Aristotelian Literary Tradition, even though Shakespeare 's

Style also goes beyond classical rules.

King Lear closely follows Aristotle 's

Ideas of tragedy, such as the tragic hero, hamartia, catharsis.

1. Tragic Hero

King Lear is a noble King who decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters. His status as a monarch gives the play the ' magnitude ' Aristotle talked about - the downfall of a king is a serious and weighty matter.

2. Hamartia ( tragic Flaw) : -Lear's hamartia is : 1. His pride 2. His misjudgment of character He mistakes flattery for truth, rewards his daughters ( Goneril and Regan) and banishes Cordelia, the daughter who truly loves him. This error begins his tragic downfall. 3. Catharsis ( Emotional cleansing) we can easily find pity and fear. Pity, because Lear suffers terribly despite his basic goodness. Fear, because it shows how anyone - even a king can fall due to one mistake. 4. Unity and Structure : Although Shakespeare does not strictly follow Aristotle's three unities ( Time, Place, Action) King Lear still maintain: - A unified Central plot ( Lear's Downfall) - A parallel subplot ( Gloucester and his Sons) that reflects and deepens the main themes. This structure supports Aristotle 's Idea that the plot is the soul of tragedy.

Tragic Protagonist :

The tragic protagonist in this play is King Lear himself. He is a noble and powerful king, but he makes a serious error in judgment by dividing his kingdom based on his daughters’ flattering words. He misjudges his loyal daughter Cordelia and trusts his ungrateful daughters Goneril and Regan.

His hamartia (tragic flaw) is his pride and lack of self-knowledge. He values flattery over truth and fails to see the genuine love of Cordelia. This flaw leads to his downfall — he loses his kingdom, his sanity, and ultimately, his life.

Plot of king Lear :-

many of the tragedies I studied during my B.A. program, such as Shakespeare’s King Lear, followed several of the key rules and principles proposed by Aristotle in Poetics

The plot of King Lear is driven by a clear cause-and-effect structure. Lear’s decision to divide his kingdom based on his daughters’ flattery causes a series of tragic events: betrayal, madness, war, and death. Each action leads logically to the next, showing causal necessity rather than randomness. The events in the play, while dramatic, feel probable and necessary based on human behavior and emotion. For example, Lear’s downfall is psychologically realistic—his pride makes his banishment of Cordelia believable, and the betrayal by Goneril and Regan is consistent with their earlier behavior. The tragedy has a beginning, middle, and end, forming a complete narrative arc.

Recent Controversy that echoes Plato's Objection to Artistic freedom :-

The subject matter—the fall of a king, family betrayal, and human suffering—is of great seriousness and magnitude, fitting Aristotle’s idea of a proper tragic subject.

- Tandav (2021) :-

A recent example that reflects Plato’s objection to artistic freedom is the controversy over the web series "Tandav" on Netflix (2021).

Some people said that the show hurt religious feelings because it showed Hindu gods in a wrong or disrespectful way. Many people got angry, filed complaints, and asked the government to ban the show. This is similar to what Plato believed.

Plato thought that artists can misguide people by showing wrong ideas or false emotions. He said poets and artists should be controlled, because their work can affect the minds of the public, especially young people.

In the Tandav case, some people felt that the show was spoiling values and culture, which is exactly what Plato warned about.

My Opinion :

I think freedom of art and expression is important, but artists should also be careful and respectful. They should not hurt people’s feelings or create hate.

References :

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373258361_Aristotle's_Poetics

POST -TRUTH

 

This blog is written as part of the Sunday Reading task given to us by Professor Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.

What is Post - Truth?

 Basically Post -Truth means that people are more likely to believe something that feels right, even if it's not true.

According to Oxford Dictionary, 

The post -Truth defines as,

“relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.”

Why the word ' Post -Truth' was chosen as the word of the year in 2016?

In 2016, Oxford Dictionaries selected "post-truth" as the international word of the year due to its significant rise in usage, particularly in the context of political events like the Brexit referendum and the US presidential election. The term describes a situation where objective facts are less influential than appeals to emotion and personal belief. The increased usage reflected a growing distrust of established institutions and a shift towards social media as a primary news source. 

 

How the Post -Truth phenomenon affects in human beings:-

The "post-truth" phenomenon significantly impacts individuals by eroding trust in institutions, fueling polarization, and making it harder to distinguish between facts and misinformation. This can lead to a decline in informed decision-making, increased susceptibility to manipulation, and a breakdown in social cohesion. 

Eroded Trust:

The post-truth era is characterized by a decline in trust in established institutions like media, government, and science.

This lack of trust makes it easier for misinformation and propaganda to spread, as people are less likely to critically evaluate information from trusted sources.

Some scholars suggest that this erosion of trust can lead to a sense of alienation and disengagement from civic life. 

Impact of Post Truth on Digital Tools:-

In a world increasingly filled with digital information, the term post-truth has become relevant to describe a social phenomenon where objective facts are often ignored and replaced by emotional beliefs or personal preferences. The term gained widespread attention when in 2016, Oxford Dictionaries named it Word of the Year. The post-truth phenomenon shows how public opinion is no longer formed by scientific facts or verified data, but is more influenced by emotions and subjective beliefs.

Influence of Post -Truth in 2025:-

In 2025, the influence of "post-truth" continues to be a significant factor in shaping public discourse, impacting political landscapes, and eroding trust in institutions. This is characterized by the rise of misinformation and disinformation, where emotional appeals and subjective narratives often overshadow factual accuracy and evidence-based reasoning. The proliferation of social media and the decline of traditional media gatekeepers contribute to the spread of both legitimate and misleading information, making it challenging for individuals to discern truth from falsehood. 

Political Polarization and Fragmentation:

Post-truth rhetoric often fuels political polarization, with individuals increasingly aligning themselves with information sources that reinforce their pre-existing beliefs, regardless of factual accuracy.

This can lead to the formation of echo chambers and filter bubbles, where people are primarily exposed to information that confirms their worldview, further exacerbating divisions and making it harder to find common ground. 

Conclusion :

The post-truth era marks a time when emotions, personal beliefs, and misinformation often outweigh objective facts in shaping public opinion. While it reflects deep changes in communication, politics, and society, it also reveals serious challenges — from the erosion of trust in institutions to the rise of polarization and misinformation.

To move beyond the dangers of the post-truth age, societies must reinvest in truth-seeking values: critical thinking, media literacy, fact-based education, and ethical leadership. Only through collective awareness and responsibility can we restore the importance of truth in public life and protect democracy, justice, and informed citizenship.

References 

https://www.acigjournal.com/Post-Truth-

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11217-024-09979-8

Socrates: A great Philosopher

This blog task is assigned by Dr.Dilip Barad sir (Department of English , MKBU 

Introduction : 

Socrates was a Greek Philosopher lived in Athens around 469-399 BCE who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and this methods and ideas continue to shape philosophical thought and inquiry.

 

Socrates 's method of questioning :-

Socrates was considered as a greek philosopher one of the founder of Western philosophy. When he was in jail, a guard is going to bring him a cup of poison hemlock to drink after he do so, he will become so sleepy then he will take his last breaths. He wanted to shares something at his last moments to a guard that ' i was born in Athens in ancient. You will see that I am a troublemaker and most people know me as one of the western philosopher but me i really don't think i know anything at all. 

There were men who were considered wise but i was very sceptical of his wisdom in my life, also wise are not actually wise. You can never discover its flaws then knowledge stands still like a stone instead of growing and changing like a tree. 

Also he questioned about love and virtue if someone makes a claim that something is true the best way to test that truth is to ask a series of challenging questions for example if a man claims that it is virtuous to love the God Zeus, i would ask what is virtue, what is love, there other Gods to love if they cannot even explain what 'virtue'? And is how can they say that it is virtuous to love Zeus? 

He didn't published any works or write much down for other to read. A very bright student named plato used to follow him. Plato would eventually pass Socrates method down to his student Aristotle, who was the tutor of Alexander the great. Alexander spread Greek thought to this vast kingdom when the Romans took over Alexander's Empire and spread Greek tradition even further. 

There comed long dark period where knowledge stood still once again but then something wonderful happens there was a renaissance of thought and knowledge. His method of questioning is known as the 'Socratic'. He is the first old man now anyway and he was happy to be the world's first martyr for the course of truth. Remember the only thing you know is that you know nothing.

 

What did Socrates Teach?:-

Socrates professed not to teach anything (and indeed not to know anything important) but only to seek answers to urgent human questions (e.g., “What is virtue?” and “What is justice?”) and to help others do the same. His style of philosophizing was to engage in public conversations about some human excellence and, through skillful questioning, to show that his interlocutors did not know what they were talking about. Despite the negative results of these encounters, Socrates did hold some broad positive views, including that virtue is a form of knowledge and that “care of the soul” (the cultivation of virtue) is the most important human obligation.

Why we study Socrates?:-

We study Socrates because he is a foundational figure in Western philosophy, renowned for his innovative Socratic method of inquiry and his emphasis on ethical living and self-examination. His ideas, particularly his belief that the unexamined life is not worth living, continue to resonate and influence how we approach knowledge, morality, and personal development.

 

Socrates's influence on Plato:-

Socrates's influence on Plato was profound. Plato, a student of Socrates, adopted and built upon his teacher's philosophical methods, particularly the Socratic method of inquiry, and also explored themes related to justice, virtue, and the nature of reality. While Socrates himself wrote nothing, Plato's dialogues, which often feature Socrates as the main character, provide the primary record of Socrates's thought and are instrumental in understanding his influence.

7 Reasons why Socrates is still Relevant Today:-

 

1.they have never been rendered Obsolete:-

For starters, its crucial to note that, unlike many other intellectual disciplines of the ancient Greek period such as, say, ancient Greek astronomy, Socrates philosophies remain just as pertinent as the day they were conceived (or at least the day they were recorded by his student Plato).

As one 20th century philosopher, A. N. Whitehead, famously wrote: The safest general characterisation of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. He wasnt being entirely serious there, but the inference is clear: Socrates and his disciples theories are a crucial foundation of modern Western philosophical thought all others since have basically been constructed upon them.

2. He taught us to Question Everything:-

The highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others, Socrates once said. His dialectic method of inquiry breaking a subject down into a dialogue between two or more people with differing views, both mutually in search of the same truth taught us to assume nothing and to scrutinize everything, and gave us a system by which to do it. It remains a key element of scientific study today beginning with a hypothesis and then distilling it until a definitive conclusion is reached.

3. He taught us that Life is worthless without Happiness:-

Socrates asked whats the point in battleships and city walls, unless the people building them and protected by them are happy?

If we arent in pursuit of happiness and understanding in our daily lives, then were basically akin to ants toiling at an ant-hill. Sure, we go about our practical tasks instinctually. But we also need to step back and develop an awareness of the world, and form a conscious relationship with our existence.

Socrates asked whats the point in battleships and city walls, unless the people building them and protected by them are happy? The same remains true today unless were mindful of spiritual well-being in our daily toil, were little better off than insects. As he famously put it: The unexamined life is not a life worth living for a human being. Think about that as you slog away

4.He taught us to Ask if There such a Thing as a just War:-

It is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong, believed Socrates. As a soldier in the Greek army during the Peloponnesian War, one who distinguished himself several times for his bravery, Socrates saw enough of military conflict to understand first hand the suffering and devastation it caused.

His was one of the first voices in history to ponder whether there really is such a thing as a just war a war for a cause so true it was worth bloodshed on a mass scale. As UK and American forces remain bogged-down in Afghanistan and still lick their wounds from Iraq, its a question that remains incredibly pertinent today.

 

The Hemlock Cup

Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life by Bettany Hughes 

The Hemlock Cup’ puts Socrates’ questions – How should we best live? What makes us good? What makes us happy? – back onto the streets of Athens where

5. The Advocated true freedom of speech:-

Athens was one of the first polities in the world to allow freedom of speech all from lowly shoemakers and merchants to rich nobles were allowed to address the Athenian Assembly. Yet they had to speak with aidos a sense of shame, a knowing-your-placeness as Hughes describes it in The Hemlock Cup.

Socrates rebelled against this convention, by developing a system of true free-speech through his dialogue. Athens was uneasy was this, but he spoke his mind anyway (and ultimately paid the price for it). He was way ahead of his time in standing-up for the free expression of ideas something that remains a cornerstone of democratic society

6. He Invented Philosophical Ethics:-

What is the right way to live? pondered Socrates. He was one of the very first philosophers in history to encourage scholars and common citizens to turn their attention from the outside world to the condition of humankind and to ask a simple, honest and undoubtedly critical question: what is right and what is wrong? With it, he effectively created philosophical ethics the debate between good and evil which has shaped moral and legal codes throughout the Western world.

7.He was a Champion of Human Virtue:-

Shaped probably by some of the terrible sights he witnessed on the battlefields at Potidaea, Amphipolis and Delium during his military service, Socrates developed a notion of human virtue at odds with the then-prevailing attitude of lex talionis an eye for an eye. He believed in a mixture of temperance, justice, piety and courage all of which led ultimately to wisdom. He had seen so much bad, he wanted to search for something good.

Socrates was a firm believer in friendship and community, and common threads between all of mankind. Virtue, he said, is the most valuable of all possessions. We can always benefit from being a bit nicer to each other.

Famous Quotes by Socrates:-

Conclusion:-

Socrates concluded that he was better off than his fellow citizens because, while they thought they knew something and did not, he was aware of his own …

References:-

https://heritage-key.com/blogs/malcolmj/10-reasons-why-socrates-still-relevant-today/

 

https://blog.dilipbarad.com/2024/06/socrates.html?m=1